Clinical Research & Studies
The InnerView® system is supported by a growing body of clinical research that demonstrates its value in evaluating both natural tooth mobility and implant stability.
To date, 31 published studies — including peer-reviewed articles in leading dental journals — have examined the role of quantitative percussion diagnostics (QPD) in identifying early structural changes that are often undetectable with traditional tools such as X-rays or CBCT.
Select a study type
Crack Detection*
* The publications refer to prospective technologies currently under clinical evaluation. Some claims have not yet been cleared by the FDA
Definitive diagnosis of early enamel and dentin cracks based on microscopic evaluation
Clark DJ, Sheets CG, Paquette JM
J Esthet Restor Dent, 2003
An in vitro comparison of quantitative percussion diagnostics with a standard technique for determining the presence of cracks in natural teeth
Sheets CG, Stewart DL, Wu JC,
Earthman JC
J Prosthet Dent, 2014 Aug
In vivo study of the effectiveness of quantitative percussion diagnostics as an indicator of the level of the structural pathology of teeth
Sheets CG, Wu JC, Rashad S, Phelan M, Earthman JC
J Prosthet Dent, 2016 Aug
In vivo study of the effectiveness of quantitative percussion diagnostics as an indicator of the level of structural pathology of teeth after restoration
Sheets CG, Wu JC, Rashad S, Phelan M, Earthman JC
J Prosthet Dent, 2017 Feb
Quantitative percussion diagnostics as an indicator of the level of the structural pathology of teeth: Retrospective follow-up investigation of high-risk sites that remained pathological after restorative treatment
Sheets CG, Wu JC, Earthman JC
J Prosthet Dent, 2018 Jun
Periometer as an Adjunctive Tool for the Diagnosis of Vertical Root Fractures: Report of Two Cases
Chittaphong L, Oswald C, Thomson KA, Vahabi S, Levy T Submitted to peer reviewed Endodontic Journal
Ten-year retrospective study of the effectiveness of quantitative percussion diagnostics as an indicator of the level of structural pathology in teeth
Sheets CG, Zhang L, Wu JC, Earthman JC
J Prosthet Dent, 2020 May
Development of Percussion Diagnostics in Evaluating 'Kiss' Bonds between Composite Laminates
S. Poveromo, D. Malcom, and J. Earthman In: Advanced Composites for Aerospace, Marine, and Land Applications part 1. Edited by T. Sano, T.S. Srivatsan, and M. W. Peretti. TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society)
Finite Element Analysis of Quantitative Percussion Diagnostics for Evaluating the Strength of Bonds Between Composite Laminates
S. Poveromo, D. Malcom, and J. Earthman In: Advanced Composites for Aerospace, Marine, and Land Applications part 2. Edited by T. Sano and T.S. Srivatsan. TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society)
Finite Element Study of Periodontal Ligament Properties for a Maxillary Central Incisor and a Mandibular Second Molar Under Percussion Conditions
Mapar A, Taheri-Nassaj N, Shen J, Komari O, Sheets CG, Earthman JC J Med Biol Eng, 2022 Oct
Quantitative percussion diagnostics for evaluating porosity and surface roughness of cold sprayed and laser deposited materials
Amiri M, Crawford GA, Earthman JC Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2021 Sep
An evaluation of quantitative percussion diagnostics for determining the probability of a microgap defect in restored and unrestored teeth: A prospective clinical study
Sheets CG, Quan DA, Wu JC, Earthman JC J Prosthet Dent, 2023 May
Finite element modeling of an intact and cracked mandibular second molar under quantitative percussion diagnostics loading
Shen J, Taheri-Nassaj N, Sheets CG, Earthman JC The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 2024 Sep 26
Finite element modeling of an intact and cracked mandibular second molar under quantitative percussion diagnostics loading
Jie Shen, PhD, Nasrin Taheri-Nassaj, PhD, Cherilyn G. Sheets, DDS, and James C. Earthman, PhD, 2025 Dec
Exploratory investigation of quantitative percussion diagnostics in endodontic health and pathology: Seeing the unseen
Jie Shen, PhD; Clifford J. Ruddle, DDS; John West, DDS, MSD; Cherilyn G. Sheets, DDS; James C. Earthman, PhD, 2026
Implant Studies
These studies highlight the system’s ability to provide objective mobility data for implants throughout their lifecycle.
They also show how the system’s measurements relate to subtle breakdown in teeth and restorations before symptoms appear, giving clinicians critical insight for treatment planning and patient communication.
Natural tooth intrusion and reversal in implant-assisted prosthesis: evidence of and a hypothesis for the occurrence
Sheets CG, Earthmann JC
J Prosthet Dent, 1993 Dec
Novel instrumentation for quantitative determination of energy damping in materials and structures
Brenner DA, Earthman JC
Scripta
Metallurgica et Materialia, 1994 Aug 15
Novel instrumentation for rapid assessment of internal damage in composite materials
Stanley, B. D., Bustemante, L., Earthman, James C
Nondestructive Evaluation and Material Properties III.
Tooth intrusion in implant-assisted prostheses
Sheets CG, Earthman JC
J Prosthet Dent, 1997 Jan
Mechanical Biocompatibility of Dental Implant Materials
Barzin, A, Sheets, Cherilyn G, Earthman, James C Proceedings to the Fourth Pacific Rim Internatonal Conference on Materials, Japanese Institute of Metals, 2002
Reconstructive materials and bone tissue engineering in implant dentistry
Earthman JC, Li Y, VanSchoiack LR, Sheets CG, Wu JC Dent Clin North Am, 2006 Apr
Instrumentation for Determining the Local Damping Capacity in Honeycomb Sandwich Composites
Lincoln J, Rieger L, Earthman J
Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 2006 May 1
Effect of bone density on the damping behavior of dental implants: An in vitro method
VanSchoiack LR, Wu JC, Sheets CG, Earthman JC Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2006 Sep 1
Visualization of osseointegration of maxilla and mandible dental implants
Meyer J, Sheets CG, Earthman JC
Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg, 2009 Apr
Visualization of osseointegration of maxilla and mandible dental implants
Meyer J, Sheets CG, Earthman JC Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg, 2010 Jan
Assessment of the primary stability of dental implants in artificial bone using resonance frequency and percussion analyses
Ahmad OK, Kelly JR
Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2013
Damping behavior of implant-supported restorations
Magne P, Silva M, Oderich E, Boff LL, Enciso R Clin Oral Implants Res, 2011
Analysis of percussion response of dental implants in an in vitro study
Dinh A, Sheets CG, Earthman JC Materials Science and Engineering, May 2013
In Vivo Evaluation of Quantitative Percussion Diagnostics for Determining Implant Stability
VanSchoiack LR, Shubayev VI, Myers RR, Sheets CG, Earthman JC
J Oral Maxillofac Implants. Accepted for Publication.
Quantitative percussion diagnostics and bone density analysis of the implant-bone interfaces in a pre- and postmortem human subject
Sheets CG, Hui DD, Bajaj V, Earthman JC
J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2013
Development of Percussion Diagnostics in Evaluating ‘Kiss’ Bonds Between Composite Laminates
Poveromo SL, Earthman JC In: Sano T, Srivatsan TS, Peretti MW, editors. Advanced Composites for Aerospace, Marine, and Land Applications [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016 [cited 2024 Aug 22]. p. 213–29. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48096-1_18